Exam 1

Q1

Critical thinking is the ability to use logic and reasoning to unfamiliar or new ideas and opinions. There are a lot of factors that are involved in critical thinking. First of all, identifying other people arguments, opinions and conclusions by listening to them and discussing with them. Yet another factor is reading between the lines, by identifying what the people mean. Presenting a point of view in a clear and reasonable way that convenes other people. Finally, drawing conclusions about arguments either valid and justified based on good evidence and sensible assumptions. This means to support their argument. For example if a student said that he was absent, because he is sick he needs to get a sick leave from the hospital.

Q2

1. The emotional attitude.
2.  Social conditioning.
3.  Over-estimating our own reasoning abilities. 
4. Misunderstanding what criticism means many people think criticism is always negative.
5.  Lake of practice and strategies.

 Misunderstanding is sometimes people understand the talk on the other way around. For example, in language, there are many words that have the same spelling but different meaning therefore there will be misunderstanding.

Over-estimating our own reasoning abilities sometimes people think they are able to do many thing but the actually can’t. For example, a student who is very good in a subject didn’t study to the exam because he said that it’s easy, then he fails.

Q3 

A fallacy is an argument that uses poor reasoning without evidence.

1. Ignorance .
2. Argument from personal inability to understand an issue.
3. Inconsistency applying rules to one belief.
4. Personalization other argument.

Confusing association with cause is when a person or a group facing a problem and they have more than one opinion and each one said that his opinion is the best way. For example, if two students are facing a math question and each one of them solved it but in a different way therefore both of them thought he got the best answer.

Argument from personal inability: that is when a person didn’t understand other people’s idea and they said that idea is wrong.

Q4

1)     Improve the ability to respond to appropriate points in a massage; critical thinkers are able to respond to other people’s talk easily.

2)     Skills of analysis that can be used to solve problems.

3)     Improved attention and observation, a critical thinker has more attention or response to what is around him and observes what people say or write.

4)     Knowledge to get your point across; critical thinkers need to summaries what they went to say in a way that is easy to understand.

5)     More focused reading; critical thinkers read more and more to get a good knowledge ,and to understand what can he understood from reading.

6)     Knowing the keyword in a massage or text. Critical thinkers are able to know what the person said and understand the most important things.